2009-11-06 16:03:01 -
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Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain occurs with hydrocephalus. This can occur for three reasons. Initially, there is an imbalance between the absorption of spinal fluid and its production. Secondly, there is an obstruction to the flow from the brain, where it is produced, to the surface of the brain, where it is absorbed. This may occur with
tumors, injuries, or other congenital abnormalities. Lastly, a tumor can occur (but rarely) in the choroid plexus, a tissue which produces spinal fluid. As a consequence, excessive amounts of spinal fluid are produced.
Hydrocephalus can occur throughout life. That relating to decreased absorption probably occurs more commonly in the later years. That related to bleeding within the brain occurs more frequently at birth or before, particularly in premature infants.
Causes of Hydrocephalus
Premature infants often bleed into the brain or ventricles, cavities containing spinal fluid within the brain. This blood obstructs spinal fluid and leads to hydrocephalus. Abnormal development of the brain and skull can produce obstruction of fluid being transported out of the brain.
Injuries to the brain resulting in bleeding as well as bleeding from aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations can lead to hydrocephalus.
Infections can impair both the absorption of spinal fluid as well as its migration out of the brain.
Tumors produce hydrocephalus by deforming the passages within the brain. Since spinal fluid is constantly made, about a quart a day, this can lead to rapid accumulation of fluid within the ventricles.
Signs and Symptoms of Hydrocephalus
Headaches, nausea, and vomiting may develop. These are signs of increased pressure within the brain caused by the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid. They are more apt to occur in conditions where the build up on the fluid is relatively rapid, such as tumors, infections, or bleeding. Lethargy, coma, and death may occur, particularly under these conditions.
Slowly progressively hydrocephalus, commonly seen in the elderly presents with three classic symptoms. These include problems with walking, urinary incontinence, and impaired memory and intellectual processes.
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